Biography
Early life
Guo Huai was born in Yangqu, Taiyuan Commandery (present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi).
His courtesy name was Boji.
His grandfather Guo Quan had served as Grand Minister of Agriculture under the Eastern Han.
His father Guo Yun had served as Administrator of Yanmen under the Eastern Han.
Early career
During the Jian’an era, Guo Huai was recommended as a Filial and Incorrupt candidate because of his family background.
He initially served as Assistant to the Administrator of Pingyuan.
When Cao Pi served as General of the Household for All Purposes, he summoned Guo Huai to serve as Officer of Thieves.
Guo Huai later transferred to Clerk in the Office of the Chancellor.
Afterward, Guo Huai served in the army for a long time.
Campaign against Hanzhong
In the seventh month of 215 CE, the twentieth year of Jian’an, Guo Huai followed Cao Cao in campaigning against Hanzhong.
After Cao Cao returned, he left Xiahou Yuan, General Who Conquers the West, to guard Hanzhong to resist Liu Bei.
He left Guo Huai as Xiahou Yuan’s Army Adviser.
The Battle of Dingjunshan
In 218 CE, the twenty-third year of Jian’an, Liu Bei led an army to attack Hanzhong.
In the first month of the following year, Liu Bei led his main force across the Mian River and advanced secretly along the mountain terrain, making a detour to Dingjunshan (present-day south of Mian County, Shaanxi) behind Yangping Pass.
He relied on dangerous terrain and waited for an opportunity to annihilate the enemy.
Xiahou Yuan, to break free from the passive position, led troops to seize Dingjunshan.
Huang Zhong, a general under Liu Bei, attacked from a high position and launched a fierce charge.
He killed Xiahou Yuan and Zhao Yong, Inspector of Yi Province.
The Cao army was greatly defeated and retreated to guard east of Yangping Pass.
Reorganizing the army
Initially, when Xiahou Yuan fought Liu Bei, Guo Huai was ill and could not follow him into battle.
After Xiahou Yuan died, the Wei army had just lost its commander and feared being attacked by the Shu army.
The three armies all lost their composure.
Guo Huai, Army Adviser, and Du Xi, Supervisor of the Army, gathered scattered soldiers and ordered the various armies: “General Zhang is a famous general of the state and is deeply feared by Liu Bei. Now the military situation is urgent. Only under General Zhang’s command can we turn danger into safety.”
They therefore recommended Zhang He to succeed Xiahou Yuan as commander of the Wei army.
Zhang He’s appointment
After Zhang He took command, the various generals all accepted Zhang He’s command, and morale stabilized.
The next day, Liu Bei wanted to cross the Han River to attack.
The various generals believed they were outnumbered and wanted to rely on the water to form a formation to resist the Shu army.
Guo Huai said: “This shows weakness to the enemy and cannot defeat the enemy. This is not the best strategy. It is better to withdraw from the shore and set up a formation far away, luring the enemy to come. When they cross to the middle of the river, we will launch an attack. We will certainly be able to defeat Liu Bei.”
He therefore formed a formation north of the Han River, intending to counterattack when the Shu army crossed halfway.
Liu Bei was suspicious and faced the water without crossing.
Guo Huai therefore held firm and showed no intention of returning.
Soon after, Cao Cao granted Zhang He imperial credentials and made Guo Huai Zhang He’s Army Adviser.
Service under Cao Pi
In 220 CE, the first year of Yankang, Cao Cao died, and Cao Pi succeeded to the throne as King of Wei.
He enfeoffed Guo Huai as Marquis Within the Passes and transferred him to Chief Clerk to the General Who Guards the West.
He also served as Protector of the Qiang and, together with Zhang He, General of the Left, and Yang Qiu, General of Champions, campaigned against the mountain bandits Zheng Gan and the rebellious Hu of Lushui.
They all pacified them.
Guanzhong was pacified, and the people were able to live and work in peace.
The late arrival
In the tenth month, Cao Pi declared himself emperor, historically called Emperor Wen of Wei.
Guo Huai went to the capital to congratulate him.
Because he became ill on the road, he arrived late.
Cao Pi held a great banquet for the ministers and rebuked Guo Huai: “In the past, Yu the Great summoned the lords at Tushan. Fangfeng came late and was killed. Now the entire realm celebrates together, yet you came late. Why?”
Guo Huai replied: “I have heard that the Five Emperors first used virtue to guide the people. During the Xia period, the government declined, and only then did they begin to use punishment. Now I am born in the prosperous age of Tang and Yu. Therefore, I know I will not suffer the same fate as Fangfeng.”
Cao Pi was very pleased after hearing this and promoted Guo Huai to Inspector of Yong Province and enfeoffed him as Marquis of Sheyang.
Pacifying rebellions
Later, Guo Huai pacified the rebellion of Piti, a great chieftain of the Qiang in Anding and other places.
His name shook the border.
Whenever Qiang or Hu people came to surrender, Guo Huai always ordered people to ask about their relatives’ situation, such as how many men and women, and their ages.
By the time he met them himself, he already knew their intentions roughly.
He cared for them very much, and therefore was called a deity by the Hu people.
The first Northern Expedition
In 228 CE, the second year of Taihe, Zhuge Liang, Chancellor of Shu, launched his first attack on Wei, sending troops to Qishan.
At that time, Guo Huai was taking Ma Zun, Administrator of Tianshui, and others to inspect Luomen.
When Guo Huai learned that Zhuge Liang had reached Qishan, he immediately returned to Shanggui.
Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su to guard Jieting and Gao Xiang to station troops at Liucheng.
Zhang He led troops to attack Jieting, while Guo Huai led troops to feign an attack on Liucheng to contain the Shu army.
Later, he again defeated Tang Fan, a Qiang person, at Fuhan.
Because of his military merit, he was promoted to General Who Establishes Awe.
The third Northern Expedition
In 229 CE, the third year of Taihe, Zhuge Liang launched his third attack on Wei.
He sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (present-day west of Cheng County, Gansu) and Yinping (present-day northwest of Wen County, Gansu), two commanderies that had previously surrendered to Shu but were recovered by the Wei army after the Battle of Jieting.
Guo Huai led troops to rescue them.
At Jianwei (present-day west of Cheng County, Gansu), he encountered Zhuge Liang’s main force and was forced to retreat.
The Shu army therefore took advantage of the opportunity to capture Wudu and Yinping commanderies.
The fourth Northern Expedition
In the second month of 231 CE, the fifth year of Taihe, Zhuge Liang launched his fourth attack on Wei and besieged Qishan.
Guo Huai was ordered to follow Zhang He, Chariot and Cavalry General, Fei Yao, General of the Rear, Dai Ling, Protector of the Army for Campaigning against Shu, and others to follow Sima Yi, Grand General, in defending against the Shu army.
Sima Yi left Fei Yao and Dai Ling to lead four thousand men to guard Shanggui (present-day Tianshui, Gansu).
He personally led the main force west to rescue Qishan.
Zhuge Liang also divided his forces, with one part continuing to attack Qishan.
He personally led the main force to meet Sima Yi.
Guo Huai and Fei Yao led troops to attack the Shu army but were defeated by Zhuge Liang.
The Shu army took advantage of the situation to harvest ripe wheat first and obtain military grain.
Securing grain supplies
At that time, Longyou lacked grain.
Someone suggested transporting grain from Guanzhong, but the road was long.
Guo Huai used strategy to recruit and pacify the Qiang people, combining kindness with authority.
He therefore solved the urgent problem of military grain.
Soon after, Guo Huai was transferred to General Who Spreads Martial Might.
The fifth Northern Expedition
In the second month of 234 CE, the second year of Qinglong, Zhuge Liang led one hundred thousand troops out of Xiegu and launched his fifth attack on Wei.
In the fourth month, Zhuge Liang’s army reached Mei and stationed south of the Wei River.
Sima Yi led troops across the Wei River and built fortifications with their backs to the water to resist.
After analyzing the situation, Sima Yi said to the various generals: “If Zhuge Liang goes out from Wugong and advances east along the mountains, it is indeed fearsome. If he goes west to Wuzhangyuan, the generals will be fine.”
Zhuge Liang indeed turned toward Wuzhangyuan.
The various generals were all pleased.
Only Guo Huai was deeply worried.
He said: “Zhuge Liang will certainly seize Beiyuan. We should go and occupy it first.”
The various generals mostly did not think so.
The defence of Beiyuan
Guo Huai said: “If Zhuge Liang crosses the Wei River and ascends Beiyuan, he can connect troops to Beishan, cut off the Longdao, and sweep through the people and Hu people. This is a great disaster for the state’s safety.”
Sima Yi realized the importance of Beiyuan and ordered Guo Huai and others to lead troops to move and station at Beiyuan.
Before the moats and fortifications were completed, the Shu army indeed arrived.
They attacked but could not capture it.
The two armies therefore formed a stalemate.
The defence of Yangsui
A few days later, Zhuge Liang led troops west.
The various generals all believed that Zhuge Liang wanted to attack Xiwei.
Only Guo Huai believed that Zhuge Liang’s attack on Xiwei was false and his attack on Yangsui was real.
Sima Yi ordered Guo Huai and General Hu Zun to strengthen the defence of Yangsui.
That night, the Shu army indeed attacked Yangsui.
Because the Wei army was already prepared, they repelled the Shu army.
In the eighth month, Zhuge Liang died of illness in the army at Wuzhangyuan.
His generals Yang Yi and Jiang Wei led the Shu army to withdraw to Hanzhong.
Campaign against Liao Hua
In the ninth month of 238 CE, the second year of Jingchu, Liao Hua, Administrator of Yinping of Shu Han, attacked the camp of Dangxun, Qiang Marquis of Shoushan.
Guo Huai sent Wang Yun, Administrator of Guangwei, and You Yi, Administrator of Nan’an, to lead troops to campaign against the Shu army.
He memorialized the court: “Wang Yun, You Yi, and others are dividing troops to attack from east and west according to the mountain terrain, surrounding the enemy. Victory is imminent.”
Cao Rui read it and said: “Military situations are bad when divided.”
He immediately issued an edict to Guo Huai, ordering him to warn You Yi that all troops stationed in non-critical locations should be moved to safe places.
Before the edict arrived, You Yi had already been defeated by Liao Hua.
Wang Yun was hit by a stray arrow and died.
Campaigns against Jiang Wei
In 240 CE, the first year of Zhengshi, Jiang Wei, a general of Shu, sent troops to Longxi.
Guo Huai advanced and pursued to Qiangzhong.
After Jiang Wei withdrew, Guo Huai continued to campaign against Midang and other tribes of the Qiang.
He pacified the Di people and moved more than three thousand households to the Guanzhong region.
He was transferred to General of the Left.
Campaign against Cao Shuang
In 244 CE, the fifth year of Zhengshi, Cao Shuang and Xiahou Xuan led troops to campaign against Shu.
Guo Huai led troops as the vanguard.
Later, the Wei army was defeated by Wang Ping and other generals of Shu.
Guo Huai, seeing that the battle situation was unfavourable, withdrew early and avoided major losses.
After returning, the court still ordered Guo Huai to be granted imperial credentials.
Campaign against the Qiang
In 247 CE, the eighth year of Zhengshi, the various Qiang tribes of Longxi, Nan’an, Jincheng, and Xiping, including Ehe Shaoge, Fatong, and E Zhesai, united and rebelled.
They besieged cities and towns and recruited Shu troops in the south as reinforcements.
Ming Wudai, a famous Hu person of Liang Province, also raised troops and rebelled.
Xiahou Ba, Protector of the Army for Campaigning against Shu, led various armies and stationed troops at Weichi.
Guo Huai had just arrived at Didao.
Many people believed that they should first campaign against Fuhan.
This way, internally they could pacify the fierce Qiang people, and externally they could frustrate Western Shu’s plans.
Guo Huai estimated that Jiang Wei would certainly attack Xiahou Ba.
He therefore entered Fengzhong, turned his troops south, and went to meet Xiahou Ba.
Jiang Wei indeed attacked Weichi.
Guo Huai’s army happened to arrive, and Jiang Wei fled.
Guo Huai then campaigned against the various rebellious Qiang people.
He killed Ehe Shaoge.
Several tens of thousands surrendered.
The campaign at Qucheng
In the autumn of 248 CE, the ninth year of Zhengshi, E Zhesai and others stationed troops at Heguan and Baitu Old City, relying on the danger of the river to resist.
Guo Huai feigned going out from the upper reaches but secretly sent troops to cross the river from the lower reaches and occupy Baitu City.
He launched an attack and greatly defeated the enemy troops.
Ming Wudai besieged Wuwei.
His family members remained at Xihai.
Guo Huai led troops to approach Xihai, wanting to attack the army’s family members.
It happened that Ming Wudai led troops to turn back again.
The two armies met and fought a great battle at north of Longyi.
Ming Wudai was defeated and fled.
Jiang Wei sent troops out of Shiying toward Jiangchuan, going west to meet Ming Wudai.
He left Liao Hua, Administrator of Yinping, to build a castle at Chengzhongshan and gather the scattered soldiers of the various Qiang as hostages.
The strategy against Liao Hua
Guo Huai wanted to divide his forces into two routes.
The various generals all believed that Jiang Wei was connecting strong Hu troops in the west, and Liao Hua was guarding a natural danger.
If they divided forces, it would certainly weaken their strength.
They could not advance to contain Jiang Wei, and they could not retreat to capture the city that Liao Hua was guarding.
It would be better to concentrate forces and advance west together.
They would take advantage of the Hu and Shu troops not being able to connect and defeat them one by one.
This was the best strategy.
Guo Huai said: “Now if we send troops to attack Liao Hua, we can take them by surprise. Jiang Wei will certainly be concerned. When Jiang Wei rushes back, Liao Hua will have been defeated, and this can make Jiang Wei exhausted. Jiang Wei’s army will not go west to meet the Hu people. The Hu people will naturally withdraw. This is the best strategy that achieves both goals.”
He therefore sent Xiahou Ba and others to pursue and attack Jiang Wei at places such as Tazhong.
He personally led a great army to attack Liao Hua forcefully.
Jiang Wei indeed led troops to rescue Liao Hua, exactly as Guo Huai had predicted.
Guo Huai was therefore enfeoffed as Marquis of Duxiang for his merit.
Promotion to General Who Conquers the West
In 249 CE, the first year of Jiaping, Xiahou Xuan, General Who Conquers the West, was summoned to court.
Guo Huai was promoted to General Who Conquers the West and Commander of Yong and Liang Provinces.
Xiahou Ba and Guo Huai did not get along well.
Xiahou Ba, because Xiahou Xuan was summoned, was uneasy and therefore defected to Shu Han.
The campaign at Qucheng
In the same year, Jiang Wei led troops to build two cities near Qushan and sent Ju An, Major, and Li Xin and others to guard them.
He also gathered Qiang and Hu hostages and others to attack the various commanderies and attack Yong Province.
Guo Huai discussed countermeasures with Chen Tai, Inspector of Yong Province.
Chen Tai said: “Although Qucheng is strong, it is far from Shu, and the roads are difficult and distant. It requires transporting grain. The Qiang and Yi people fear Jiang Wei’s corvée labour and will certainly not submit. If we besiege and capture it now, we can capture the city without bloodshed. Even if they have reinforcements, the mountain roads are dangerous and difficult. It is not a place for military operations.”
Guo Huai followed Chen Tai’s strategy and had Chen Tai lead Xu Zhi, Protector of the Army for Campaigning against Shu, Deng Ai, Administrator of Nan’an, and others to advance and besiege the city.
They cut off its grain transport route and the water outside the city.
Ju An and others challenged them to battle.
Chen Tai did not respond.
The Shu army officers and soldiers were in difficulty.
They divided grain and gathered snow to sustain themselves.
Jiang Wei’s rescue attempt
Jiang Wei indeed came to rescue them.
He came out of Niutoushan and faced Chen Tai.
Chen Tai said: “Military strategy values defeating the enemy without fighting. Now if we cut off Niutoushan, Jiang Wei will have no route to return. Then our army can capture him alive.”
He therefore ordered the various armies to each hold firm and not fight.
He sent an envoy to tell Guo Huai about the situation.
He said he intended to cross the Bai River south and follow the water east.
He asked Guo Huai to attack Niutoushan and cut off Jiang Wei’s retreat route.
Then the two armies would attack Jiang Wei together.
Guo Huai followed his strategy and led the various armies to advance toward the Tao River.
Jiang Wei was afraid and led troops to withdraw.
Ju An and others were isolated and had no reinforcements.
They had no choice but to surrender.
The defence of Taocheng
After Jiang Wei withdrew, Guo Huai led troops west to attack the various Qiang tribes.
Deng Ai said: “The enemy troops have withdrawn not long ago. They may counterattack very soon. Our army should divide forces to act to prevent unexpected situations.”
Guo Huai therefore left Deng Ai to station troops on the north bank of the Bai River.
Three days later, Jiang Wei attacked again.
He sent Liao Hua to camp on the south bank of the Bai River, facing Deng Ai from afar.
He personally led an army to attack Taocheng.
Deng Ai took the lead and occupied Taocheng.
The Wei army was therefore able to avoid defeat.
Promotion to Chariot and Cavalry General
In 250 CE, the second year of Jiaping, Cao Fang, Emperor of Wei, issued an edict praising Guo Huai: “In the past, in the Battle of Hanchuan, the army almost collapsed. Guo Huai faced danger and saved the situation. His military merit is recorded in the court’s records. He has been in Guanyou for more than thirty years. Externally, he has campaigned against enemies. Internally, he has pacified the people and Yi. In recent years, he has defeated Liao Hua and captured Ju An. His achievements are prominent. I greatly praise him. I now appoint Guo Huai as Chariot and Cavalry General, Equal to the Three Excellencies, with imperial credentials and Commander as before.”
He enfeoffed Guo Huai as Marquis of Yangqu with a fief of two thousand seven hundred eighty households.
The court also divided three hundred households and enfeoffed one of his sons as a marquis of ting.
Later campaigns
In 253 CE, the fifth year of Jiaping, Jiang Wei led several tens of thousands of troops out of Shiying and besieged Nan’an and Didao.
Sima Shi used Yu Song’s strategy and ordered Guo Huai and Chen Tai, Inspector of Yong Province, to lead the troops of Guanzhong to relieve the siege.
Chen Tai advanced to Luomen.
When Jiang Wei heard that Guo Huai was advancing, and his military grain was almost exhausted, he withdrew and stationed at the border of Longxi.
Death
On the gui-wei day of the first month of 255 CE, the second year of Zhengyuan (23rd day of the second month), Guo Huai died.
He was posthumously promoted to Grand General and posthumously titled Marquis Zhen.
His son Guo Tong succeeded to the marquis title.
Guo Tong served as Inspector of Jing Province.
After he died, his son Guo Zheng succeeded to the marquis title.
During the Xianxi era, the court established the five ranks of nobility.
Because Guo Huai had achieved merit in the previous dynasty, Guo Zheng was changed to Marquis of Fenyang.
Personality
Guo Huai was described as having “detailed and thorough strategy.”
He was known for his strategic ability and served in the northwest for more than thirty years.
He was also known for his care for the Qiang and Hu people.
Military achievements
Defence against Shu
Guo Huai successfully defended against Shu for many years, particularly against Zhuge Liang’s and Jiang Wei’s campaigns.
He participated in the defence at Jieting, Beiyuan, and Yangsui.
Campaigns against the Qiang
Guo Huai successfully campaigned against various Qiang rebellions and pacified them.
He was called a deity by the Hu people.
Defence at Qucheng
Guo Huai successfully defended against Jiang Wei’s attack at Qucheng and captured Ju An and Li Xin.
Relationships
With Zhang He
Guo Huai served as Zhang He’s Army Adviser after Xiahou Yuan’s death.
He helped reorganize the army and stabilize morale.
With Sima Yi
Guo Huai served under Sima Yi during Zhuge Liang’s fourth and fifth Northern Expeditions.
He proposed occupying Beiyuan and defending Yangsui.
With Chen Tai
Guo Huai worked with Chen Tai to defend against Jiang Wei’s campaigns.
They successfully defended at Qucheng.
With Wang Ling
Guo Huai’s wife was Wang Ling’s sister.
When Wang Ling was executed, Guo Huai successfully saved his wife from execution.
Anecdotes
The late arrival
When Guo Huai arrived late to congratulate Cao Pi, he cleverly replied that he was born in a prosperous age and would not suffer the same fate as Fangfeng.
Cao Pi was pleased and promoted him.
The care for the Qiang
Guo Huai always asked about the relatives of Qiang and Hu people who came to surrender.
By the time he met them, he already knew their intentions.
He cared for them very much, and they called him a deity.
Saving his wife
When Wang Ling was executed, Guo Huai’s wife was also implicated.
His five children begged him to save their mother, kowtowing until their faces were covered in blood.
Guo Huai could not bear it and memorialized Sima Yi to spare his wife.
Sima Yi considered for a long time and agreed to the special pardon.
Achievements
- Successfully defended against Shu for many years
- Participated in defence against Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expeditions
- Successfully defended against Jiang Wei’s campaigns
- Successfully campaigned against Qiang rebellions
- Known for strategic ability and care for the Qiang and Hu people
Behind the scenes
Historical sources
Guo Huai’s biography appears in the Records of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou, grouped with Man Chong, Tian Yu, and Qian Zhao.
Long service
Guo Huai served in the northwest for more than thirty years, showing the importance of stable commandership in border defence.
The story of saving his wife
Guo Huai’s successful saving of his wife from execution shows his influence and Sima Yi’s consideration.
Historical evaluations
Contemporary
Cao Fang said: “In the past, in the Battle of Hanchuan, the army almost collapsed. Guo Huai faced danger and saved the situation. His military merit is recorded in the court’s records. He has been in Guanyou for more than thirty years. Externally, he has campaigned against enemies. Internally, he has pacified the people and Yi. In recent years, he has defeated Liao Hua and captured Ju An. His achievements are prominent. I greatly praise him.”
Later historians
Chen Shou wrote: “Guo Huai had detailed and thorough strategy. His reputation spread throughout Qin and Yong.”
Hong Mai wrote: “Zhang Liao drove away Sun Quan at Hefei, Guo Huai resisted the Shu army at Yangping, and Xu Huang repelled Guan Yu at Fan. All used few to control many and shared the worry of defending a region.”
Legacy
Guo Huai is remembered as a capable general who successfully defended against Shu for many years.
His strategic ability and care for the Qiang and Hu people are praised.
His long service in the northwest demonstrates the importance of stable commandership in border defence.
Timeline
- 2nd century CE: Born in Yangqu, Taiyuan Commandery
- ?: Recommended as Filial and Incorrupt; served as Assistant to Administrator of Pingyuan; served as Officer of Thieves under Cao Pi; transferred to Clerk in Office of Chancellor
- 215 CE: Followed Cao Cao in campaigning against Hanzhong; served as Army Adviser to Xiahou Yuan
- 218-219 CE: Participated in defence of Hanzhong; helped reorganize army after Xiahou Yuan’s death; served as Army Adviser to Zhang He
- 220 CE: Enfeoffed as Marquis Within the Passes; served as Chief Clerk to General Who Guards the West; served as Protector of the Qiang; pacified Zheng Gan and rebellious Hu; arrived late to congratulate Cao Pi; promoted to Inspector of Yong Province; enfeoffed as Marquis of Sheyang
- 228 CE: Participated in defence against Zhuge Liang’s first Northern Expedition; feigned attack on Liucheng; defeated Tang Fan; promoted to General Who Establishes Awe
- 229 CE: Participated in defence against Zhuge Liang’s third Northern Expedition; forced to retreat from Jianwei
- 231 CE: Participated in defence against Zhuge Liang’s fourth Northern Expedition; secured grain supplies; transferred to General Who Spreads Martial Might
- 234 CE: Participated in defence against Zhuge Liang’s fifth Northern Expedition; proposed occupying Beiyuan; defended Yangsui
- 238 CE: Sent troops to campaign against Liao Hua; You Yi defeated; Wang Yun killed
- 240 CE: Defended against Jiang Wei’s attack; campaigned against Qiang; transferred to General of the Left
- 244 CE: Served as vanguard in Cao Shuang’s campaign against Shu; withdrew early; granted imperial credentials
- 247 CE: Campaigned against rebellious Qiang; killed Ehe Shaoge; several tens of thousands surrendered
- 248 CE: Defeated E Zhesai; defeated Ming Wudai; defended against Jiang Wei; enfeoffed as Marquis of Duxiang
- 249 CE: Promoted to General Who Conquers the West and Commander of Yong and Liang Provinces; defended against Jiang Wei at Qucheng; captured Ju An and Li Xin
- 250 CE: Promoted to Chariot and Cavalry General and Equal to the Three Excellencies; enfeoffed as Marquis of Yangqu
- 251 CE: Successfully saved wife from execution after Wang Ling’s rebellion
- 253 CE: Defended against Jiang Wei’s attack
- 255 CE, 2nd month, 23rd day: Died; posthumously promoted to Grand General; posthumous title Marquis Zhen
See also
References
- Chen Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 26, Biography of Man, Tian, Qian, Guo.
- Luo Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, various chapters.